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1.
Cuad. méd.-soc. (Santiago de Chile) ; 49(4): 238-245, dic. 2009. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-547400

ABSTRACT

En el ano 2005 la Escuela de Medicina de la Universidad de Valparaíso inicio un proceso de innovación curricular con el propósito de entregar una formación mas humanista, de mejor calidad, desarrollando competencias en los futuros médicos que le permitan adaptarse a los nuevos escenarios del ejercicio profesional. Para dar a conocer el desarrollo de dicho proceso en la enseñanza de contenidos de Ciencias humanas y sociales, el presente trabajo realiza un análisis comparativo, mediante la revisión de todos los programas de las asignaturas y nuevos bloques curriculares impartidos entre el primer y quinto ano de la carrera, en los anos 2001 y 2007. Se identificaron los contenidos relacionados con ciencias sociales y humanas, y su carga horaria. De las 45 asignaturas del 2001, 11 presentaban los contenidos buscados (24,4 por ciento de cursos; 3,2 por ciento de horas totales). De los 33 programas impartidos el ano 2007, 12 tenían dichos contenidos (36,4 por ciento de cursos; 9,9 por ciento de horas totales). El peso curricular de los cursos con contenidos de ciencias humanas y sociales fue mayor en las asignaturas preclínicas (4,6 por ciento de horas en 2001 y 14,1 por ciento en 2007). En 2001 no se encontraron contenidos de investigación cualitativa, mientras que en 2007 si existen. La significación estadística de las diferencias encontradas es altísima (p<0,001). Se concluye que el proceso de innovación curricular genero un gran cambio sobre la cantidad de contenidos de ciencias humanas y sociales en el curriculum de medicina, lo que permitiría a los futuros/as médicos/as alcanzar una visión de la determinación social del proceso salud – enfermedad y de la practica de salud como fenómeno social. Se contribuiría así con el logro del propósito de una formación mas humanista que deje a los futuros profesionales con mejores competencias para la adaptación a las nuevas condiciones del ejercicio profesional.


In 2005, the School of Medicine of Valparaiso started a curricular innovation process. The purpose of this reform is to give a more humanistic and better quality education to develop competences for the future physicians, enabling them to adapt to new contexts of professional labor. In order to inform about the changes made in the contents of human and social sciences, and the time devoted to them, we reviewed the programs of all the subjects and curricular modules of the first to fifth years in 2001 and 2007. In 2001, 45 courses were evaluated, and eleven of them included the contents we were looking for: 24, 4 percent of courses and 3,2 percent of their total time. In 2007, 33 courses were evaluated, and in twelve of them we found the kind of contents referred to: 36,4 percent of the courses and 9,9 percent of their time). The proportion of courses with human and social sciences is higher in the first three years of the undergraduate program: 4,6 percent of scheduled hours in 2001 and 14,1 percent in 2007. Qualitative research methods were not taught in 2001; they were included in the course on Scientific Methodology in 2007. Statistical analysis shows that the differences in the percent of hours dedicated to the target contents, from 1st to 5th year and from the 1st to the 3rd, are highly significant. We conclude that the curricular innovation process had a great impact in including human and social sciences in medical education, thus providing better competencies for adaptating to the new contexts of professional work.


Subject(s)
Curriculum , Education, Medical , Humanities , Social Sciences , Chile
2.
Rev. chil. neuro-psiquiatr ; 46(1): 25-34, mar. 2008. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-513800

ABSTRACT

Background: There is substantial evidence about comorbidity between eating disorders and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Aim: To compare the presence of obsessions and/or compulsions and its prevalence in eating disordered patients and normal subjects. Subjects and methods: A structured clinical interview, the Eating Altitudes Test (EAT-40), the Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI), and the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) were administered to 54 patients who fulfilled the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for eating disorders and to 54 normal female students. Results: Patients with eating disorders scored significantly higher on the EAT-40 and on the EDI and its factors, induding the comorbidity scale (p<0.001). Prevalence of obsessive-compulsive symptoms within a moderate and/or severe degree was significantly higher in eating disordered patients (26 percent versus 1. 9 percent) (p<0.001), particularly among anorexic patients (33.3 percent) (p= 0.009). Y-BOCS and its subscale Y-BCS emerge as the best indicators of eating disorders and correlated significantly with the EDI items drive for thinness, interoceptive awareness, bulimia, body dissatisfaction and ineffectiveness (p< 0.05). Conclusions: Obssesive-compulsive symptoms and their prevalence rates are confirmed according to the evidence in eating disordered patients, mainly among patients suffering from anorexia nervosa that scored higher within moderate and severe degrees.


Antecedentes: Existe considerable evidencia sobre la comorbilidad entre trastornos de la conducta alimentaria y trastorno obsesivo-compulsivo. Objetivo: Comparar la presencia de trastorno obsesivo-compulsivo y sus prevalencia, en mujeres con y sin patologías alimentarias. Sujetos y Métodos: Se administró una entrevista clínica estructurada, el Test de Actitudes Alimentarias (EAT-40), el Inventario de Desórdenes Alimentarios (EDI), la Escala de Obsesividad-Compulsividad de Yale-Brown (Y-BOCS) a 54 pacientes que satisficieron los criterios diagnósticos según el DSM-IV para trastornos de la conducta alimentaria y a 54 estudiantes sin problemas alimentarios. Resultados: Los puntajes de todos los indicadores, incluidas las escalas de comorbilidad, fueron más altos en las pacientes (p < 0,001). La prevalencia síntomas obsesivo-compulsivos de grado moderado y/o superior fue significativamente mayor en las pacientes alimentarias (26 por ciento versus 1, 9 por ciento) (p < 0,001), particularmente en las pacientes anorécticas (33,3 por ciento) (p = 0,009). La escala Y-BOCS y la subescala Y-BCS emergen como los mejores indicadores para discriminar patologías alimentarias y se correlacionaron significativamente con los ítems motivación por la delgadez, consciencia interoceptiva, bulimia, insatisfacción corporal y sentimientos de ineficacia personal (p < 0,05). Conclusiones: Se confirma la presencia y la prevalencia de trastorno obsesivo-compulsivo en los desórdenes alimentarios según la evidencia, principalmente en las pacientes portadoras de anorexia nerviosa que obtuvieron puntajes más altos en los niveles moderado y severo.


Subject(s)
Humans , Adult , Female , Feeding and Eating Disorders/epidemiology , Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder/epidemiology , Comorbidity , Chile/epidemiology , Feeding and Eating Disorders/diagnosis , Prevalence , Psychological Tests , Severity of Illness Index , Data Interpretation, Statistical , Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder/diagnosis
3.
Rev. chil. neuro-psiquiatr ; 45(3): 211-220, sept. 2007. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-496217

ABSTRACT

Background: There is substantial evidence about comorbidity between eating disorders, depression and social anxiety. Aim: To compare the presence of social anxiety and depression and its prevalence in eating disordered patients and normal subjects. Subjects and Methods: A structured clinical interview, the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-40), the Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI), the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS) and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) were administered to 54 patients that fulfilled the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for eating disorders and to 54 normal female students. Results: Patients with eating disorders ranked significantly higher on the EAT-40 and on the EDI and its factors, including comorbidity scales (p < 0.001). Prevalence of social anxiety was significantly higher in eating disordered patients (40. 7 percent versus 3.7 percent) (p < 0.001), particularly among anorexics (66.6 percent) (p < 0,001) and 14.8 percent of the eating disordered patients ranked within the severe range (p < 0.001). Theriskfor moderate to very severe social anxiety was 5.5 times higher among them. Prevalence of depressive symptoms was significantly higher in eating disordered patients (7& 5 percent versus 0 percent) (p < 0.001), specially among anorexics (66.6 percent) (p < 0,001) and 18.5 percent of the eating disordered patients ranked within the severe or very severe range (p < 0.001). The risk for moderate to very severe depression was 23.7 times higher among them. Conclusions: Depressive and/or social anxiety disorders and their prevalence rates are confirmed according to the evidence in eating disordered patients, mainly among patients suffering from anorexia nervosa.


Antecedentes: Existe considerable evidencia sobre la comorbilidad entre trastornos de la conducta alimentaria, depresión y fobia social. Objetivo: Comparar la presencia de ansiedad social y depresión y sus prevalencias, en mujeres con y sin patologías alimentarias. Sujetos y Métodos: Se administró una entrevista clínica estructurada, el Test de Actitudes Alimentarias (EAT-40), el Inventario de Desórdenes Alimentarios (EDI), la Escala de Ansiedad Social de Liebowitz (LSAS) y la Escala de Hamilton para Depresión (HDRS) a 54 pacientes que satisficieron los criterios diagnósticos según el DSM-IVpara trastornos de la conducta alimentaria y a 54 estudiantes sin problemas alimentarios. Resultados: Los puntajes de todos los indicadores, incluidas las escalas de comorbilidad, fueron mßs altos en las pacientes (p < 0,001). La prevalencia de ansiedad social fue significativamente mayor en las pacientes alimentarias (40,7 por ciento versus 3,7 por ciento) (p < 0,001), particularmente en las anorécticas (66,6 por ciento) (p < 0,001) y el 14,8 por ciento de las pacientes con patologías alimentarias obtuvo puntajes en los rangos severo o muy severo (p < 0,001). El riesgo de presentar ansiedad social moderada a muy severa en las pacientes alimentarias fue 5,5 veces mayor. La prevalencia de síntomas depresivos fue significativamente mayor en las pacientes alimentarias (18,5 por ciento versus 0 por ciento) (p < 0,001), especialmente en las anorécticas (66,6 por ciento) (p < 0,001) y 18,5 por ciento de las pacientes con trastornos alimentarios obtuvo puntajes en el rango severo (p < 0,001). El riesgo de presentar depresión moderada a muy severa en las pacientes alimentarias fue 23,7 veces mayor. Conclusiones: Se confirma la presencia y la prevalencia de trastornos depresivos y de ansiedad social en los desórdenes alimentarios según la evidencia, principalmente en las pacientes portadoras de anorexia nerviosa.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Feeding and Eating Disorders/epidemiology , Depressive Disorder/epidemiology , Anorexia Nervosa/epidemiology , Anxiety/epidemiology , Comorbidity , Prevalence , Psychiatric Status Rating Scales , Severity of Illness Index
4.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 134(3): 312-319, mar. 2006. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-426097

ABSTRACT

Background: Low self-assertion has been noted as an important feature among patients with eating disorders. Aim: To verify, in a female population, if assertiveness is related or has a predictive capacity for the development of eating disorders. Subjects and methods: An structured clinical interview, the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-40) and the Rathus Assertiveness Scale (RAS) were administered to 62 patients that fulfilled the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for eating disorders and to 120 female students without eating problems. Results: Patients with eating disorders ranked significantly higher on the EAT-40 and its factors (p <0.001) and showed a lower level of assertiveness on the RAS (p <0.001). Assertiveness measured by RAS and its factors was inversely related to EAT-40 and its items (r= -0.21). The predictive capability of the lack of self-assertion in the development of an eating disorder reached 53%, when patients with eating disorders and subjects at risk were considered together and compared to students without such disorder. Conclusions: Lack of assertiveness is a significant trait in patients with eating disorders; it may worsen its outcome and even perpetuate symptoms. Low self-assertion may be considered a predictive factor in the development of an eating disorder and must be managed from a preventive or therapeutic point of view.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Female , Humans , Assertiveness , Feeding and Eating Disorders/psychology , Case-Control Studies , Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , Feeding and Eating Disorders/etiology , Interview, Psychological , Predictive Value of Tests
5.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 133(12): 1407-1414, dic. 2005. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-428523

ABSTRACT

Background: The relationship between eating disorders and affective disorders still remains unclear. Eating disordered patients may have affective disorders and vice versa, depressed and maniac patients may experience eating problems. Aim: To compare eating symptoms, attitudes and behaviors in patients with affective disorders and normal subjects. Subjects and methods: A structured clinical interview, the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-40) and the Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI) were administered to 194 patients that fulfilled the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for eating disorders, to 45 patients with affective disorders and to 82 normal female students. Results: Patients with eating disorders ranked significantly higher on the EAT-40 and on the EDI and its factors (p <0.001). Patients with affective disorders ranked between eating disordered patients and the students (p <0.001). Compulsive-purgative type of anorectics and purgative type of bulimics showed the highest scores on these measures (p <0.001). Restrictive type of anorectics scored significantly highest on EDI maturity fears item (p <0.001). Not significant difference was observed on the EDI ineffectiveness item, between purgative bulimics and depressive patients and between the latter and compulsive-purgative anorexics, on the EDI interpersonal distrust item. Conclusions: Compulsive-purgative type of anorectics and purgative type of bulimics showed the more severe psychological and behavioral disturbances. Restrictive types of anorectics were the most immature. Both purgative bulimics and depressive patients showed feelings of general inadequacy, and both compulsive-purgative anorexics and depressive patients displayed an interpersonal distrust. As a whole, patients with affective disorders did not show the core eating disordered behaviors and attitudes as seen in patients suffering from eating problems.


Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Feeding and Eating Disorders/psychology , Mood Disorders/psychology , Analysis of Variance , Anorexia Nervosa/psychology , Body Mass Index , Bulimia/psychology , Case-Control Studies , Feeding Behavior , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Interview, Psychological , Socioeconomic Factors
6.
Bol. micol ; 17: 21-32, dic. 2002. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-365862

ABSTRACT

Mediante 6 muestreos efectuados en el período 1999-2000, se estudió la presencia de Onygenales queratinofílicos en el río Aconcagua utilizando como métodos de muestreo: trampas, interfase, sedimentos y tierras en dos estaciones, Juncal y Chagres, empleándose la técnica del anzuelo queratínico. Cada estación fue caracterizada por parámetros biológicos en la interfase y sedimento del río: presencia de hongos filamentosos y levaduriformes con la técnica de dilución y recuentos en placas e indicadores fecales (Eschericia coli y Streptococcus faecalis) a través del MPN/100ml. Se consideraron también los parámetros físico-químicos: caudal, demanda bioquímica de oxígeno, nitratos, fosfatos, materia orgánica, pH, temperatura y metales pesados (Cobre, Zinc, Plomo y Cadmio). En Juncal se aislaron 327 cepas distribuídas en 9 géneros y 14 especies (n=324), con los siguientes porcentajes en trampas: 31,2 porciento, interfase, 30,9 porciento, sedimentos 15 porciento, tierras 22,3 porciento. En Chagres se aislaron 611 cepas distribuídas en 12 géneros y 17 especies (n-590)con los siguientes porcentajes: en trampas 24,4 porciento; interfase 14,7 porciento; sediementos 36,8 porciento y en tierras 24,1 porciento. A nivel de trampas y sedimentos en ambas estaciones, Aphanoascus keratinophilus obtuvo porcentajes entre 10-34 porciento, Arthroderma quadrifidum entre 8,9-38 porciento y Chrysosporium pannocola entre 7,4-18 porciento, constituyendo las principales especies aisladas tomando como referencia su mayor presencia en las trampas. Se destaca su importancia como indicadores del crecimiento total de Onygenales que han desarrollado una alternativa de disperción y sobrevivencia en ambientes acuáticos con excedentes de materia orgánica. A pesar del comportamiento euritopo de estas especies su empleo como bioindicadores de contaminación ambiental es discutible debido a su notable capacidad de adaptación. Por su relación con los dermatofitos, algunas de las especies aisladas podrian constituir un potencial riesgo en salud pública, debido al oportunismo presente en este grupo, en especial Microsporum gypseum aislado entre un 2 a 6,5 porciento. En Chagres, en los sedimenos, se detectó la mayor presencia de indicadores fecales.


Subject(s)
Enterobacteriaceae , Environment , Feces , Fungi , Onygenales , River Pollution , Chile
7.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 123(2): 250-6, feb. 1995. tab, ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-151180

ABSTRACT

The aim of this work was to study the prevalence of smoking in an urban population from cities with low environment pollution. From a sampling of basic and high school children, 1959 subjects coming from 406 homes were selected for the study and answered a questionaire about smoking. The adjusted prevalence of smoking among subjects older than 10 years old was 36,5 percent and 40,8 percent in subjects older than 15 years old. Prevalence in males was 49,4 percent and 35 percent in female. However among subjects between 10 and 15 years old, females had a higher prevalence of smoking. Most subjects smoked 1 to 9 cigarettes per day, always aspirated smoke and consumed all the cigarette. The prevalence of passive smokers was 65,5 percent. It is concluded that the prevalence of smoking is high, that women are starting to smoke earlier than men and that no effort is being made to stop this habit


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Smoking/epidemiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Smoking Cessation/statistics & numerical data , Educational Status , Age Distribution , Sex Distribution , Socioeconomic Factors
9.
Rev. méd. Valparaiso ; 40(3/4): 161-6, sept.-dic. 1987. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-82518

ABSTRACT

Se estudian 204 pacientes Diabéticos atendidos entre Abril y Julio de 1987 y cuyas características más relevantes son una edad promedio de 58.4 años, con una duración conocida de la Diabetes de 11.7 años, un porcentaje de 67.2% de mujeres, catalogados como Diabéticos Tipo 2 el 89.2% y la Glicemia promedio fue de 194.8 mg%. El nivel promedio de Colesterol fue de 208 ñ 52.1 mg y el nivel promedio de Triglicéridos fue de 159.3 ñ 113.7 mg. Se catalogan como hiperlipidémicos 54 pacientes (26.5%) que se distribuyen en 12 casos de Hipercolesterolémicos, 25 casos de Hipertrigliceridémicos y 17 casos en que están ambos lípidos elevados. Los hallazgos se comparan con el nivel glicémico y este es significativamente inferior en los Hipercolesterolémicos


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Humans , Male , Female , Diabetes Mellitus/complications , Hyperlipidemias/diagnosis , Cholesterol/blood , Hypercholesterolemia/diagnosis , Lipids/blood , Triglycerides/blood
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